KSA GS Adventure
KSA GS AdventurePrivate Rider Pack · Saudi Arabia · BMW GS
Confidential expedition briefing for serious adventure riders

Private Rider Pack

The complete decision dossier for riders considering a 12-day BMW R 1300 GS expedition across Saudi Arabia, built around two rare immersive A.S.O. experience days and a genuine 2,850 km riding loop from Riyadh to the Red Sea, AlUla and the northern desert.

BMW Motorrad
DAKAR 2027 Two immersive A.S.O. days · KAEC + AlUla
StripeGeneraliIATI
Not a brochure. A decision document.

This pack is built to turn interest into a confident decision — without hiding the operational detail.

It answers the questions a serious rider should resolve before paying: the revised loop route, the two protected VIP days, the hotel rhythm, the BMW GS platform, the support model, what is still subject to A.S.O. allocation and the exact reservation path.

2,850approx. km by motorcycle
12days / 11 hotel nights
2immersive A.S.O. days
20riders maximum
The rare value inside the itinerary

Why the A.S.O. agreement changes the value of this expedition.

Very few private motorcycle expeditions can integrate two A.S.O. hospitality experiences without turning the ride into a rushed spectator transfer. The route has been redesigned around the experience itself: VIP Day 1 in KAEC on 1 January, then a second full day without the motorcycle planned from AlUla on 4 January. The exact format of VIP Day 2 remains subject to final A.S.O. operational allocation.

This is not about claiming an official Dakar tour. It is about giving a small group of riders access to a rare layer of the event while preserving the quality of the Saudi Arabia expedition around it.

Our own expedition map is the most useful reference here: a genuine loop through the Najd, the Hejaz mountains, the Red Sea, AlUla, Hail and Al-Qassim. It explains why the outward journey feels completely different from the return to Riyadh.

KSA GS ADVENTURE route — Riyadh, Dawadmi, Taif, KAEC, Yanbu, AlUla, Hail, Buraydah and Riyadh
Our expedition loop2,850 km approx.Two VIP days protected
Transparency: KSA GS ADVENTURE is an independent expedition. No Dakar logos or protected event identity are used in this pack. The second A.S.O. day is presented exactly as it currently stands: planned from AlUla, with the final hospitality format subject to A.S.O. allocation.
Why this matters to the rider

Not more Dakar. Better-designed Dakar.

The commercial value is not the number of rally mentions. It is the quality of the access and the fact that the itinerary gives you time to experience it properly.

1
VIP Day 1 has room to breathe.1 January in KAEC is a full day without a motorcycle transfer: Starting Ceremony, Prologue atmosphere, hospitality, catering and team access.
2
VIP Day 2 is protected from fatigue.4 January is deliberately bike-free in AlUla. That gives A.S.O. space to build the second experience without forcing riders to race the clock between hotels.
3
The rest of the trip is still a real expedition.The Dakar layer strengthens the journey; it does not replace Saudi Arabia, the BMW GS or the reason you came to ride.
Decision checkpoint: if the A.S.O. access is one of your main reasons for joining, ask Kush to confirm the latest operational status of VIP Day 2 before paying. The pack is designed to reduce uncertainty, not disguise it.
Stage by stage · revised loop

The expedition route, day by day.

The route now earns its premium positioning: the outward journey crosses Dawadmi and Taif before reaching the Red Sea, while the return comes back through Hail and Buraydah. No lazy out-and-back repetition.

How to read this itinerary

Every day must add something.

The route is designed around three things: riding value, destination value and energy management. The two VIP days are deliberately protected from motorcycle transfers.

Consistency check

12 days · 11 hotel nights · ~2,850 km.

28 December is arrival. 29 December is BMW handover and Stage 1. The final hotel night is 7 January in Riyadh; 8 January is departure.

28 DecArrival
Arrival in Riyadh
Capital / welcome
Arrival in Riyadh

Experience cue: A deliberately calm opening: airport transfer, private welcome reception, team introduction and briefing. No bike collection today — the trip begins with recovery and clarity.

Premium arrivalNo rushed handoverFirst briefing
OvernightThe Ritz-Carlton Riyadh
29 DecStage 1 · ~330 km
Riyadh → Dawadmi
Najd / first ride
Riyadh → Dawadmi

Experience cue: BMW R 1300 GS handover and setup at MYNM, then the first ride west across the Najd plateau. The distance is intentionally manageable after the operational morning.

BMW handoverNajd plateauAdaptation day
OvernightAl Muhaidb Residence Al Dawadmi
30 DecStage 2 · ~573 km
Dawadmi → Taif
Hejaz / mountain transition
Dawadmi → Taif

Experience cue: The longest riding day. The scale of central Saudi Arabia gives way to altitude and mountain character as the expedition climbs toward Taif and the Hejaz.

Long-distance GS dayHejaz arrivalMountain contrast
OvernightInterContinental Taif
31 DecStage 3 · ~300 km
Taif → Al Hada → KAEC
Al Hada / Red Sea
Taif → Al Hada → KAEC

Experience cue: Mountain roads, the descent toward the Red Sea and arrival in KAEC. Check-in, hospitality logistics and the VIP briefing are completed before New Year’s Eve.

Al HadaRed Sea arrivalVIP preparation
OvernightBay La Sun Hotel & Marina
1 JanVIP Day 1 · no bike
KAEC · Starting Ceremony & Prologue
KAEC / immersive access
KAEC · Starting Ceremony & Prologue

Experience cue: A full day without motorcycle transfer. The first immersive A.S.O. day protects time for VIP hospitality, the Starting Ceremony, Prologue atmosphere, catering and team access.

A.S.O. experienceNo bike transferImmersion over rushing
OvernightBay La Sun Hotel & Marina
2 JanStage 4 · ~239 km
KAEC → Yanbu
Red Sea / recovery rhythm
KAEC → Yanbu

Experience cue: A deliberately shorter stage after the first VIP day. The expedition keeps moving north along the Red Sea without asking riders to combine premium hospitality with a pressured transfer.

Shorter recovery stageRed SeaRegroup
OvernightNovotel Yanbu
3 JanStage 5 · ~356 km
Yanbu → AlUla
AlUla / arrival
Yanbu → AlUla

Experience cue: The route moves inland toward one of Saudi Arabia’s defining landscapes. Arrival, recovery and briefing are protected so the group is ready for the second immersive day.

Sandstone scaleTwo-night baseVIP preparation
OvernightShaden Resort AlUla
4 JanVIP Day 2 · no bike
AlUla · Immersive day without the bike
AlUla / second immersion
AlUla · Immersive day without the bike

Experience cue: The second A.S.O. experience is planned from AlUla. Behind-the-scenes access and selected race viewing are the target format; exact details remain subject to final A.S.O. operational allocation.

A.S.O. daySame hotelFinal format pending
OvernightShaden Resort AlUla
5 JanStage 6 · ~426 km
AlUla → Hail
Northern desert / scale
AlUla → Hail

Experience cue: Back on the BMWs. This is a serious northern stage: open desert landscapes, long horizons and the feeling of crossing a country rather than simply connecting tourist icons.

Northern desertGS distanceExpedition scale
OvernightMillennium Hail Hotel
6 JanStage 7 · ~274 km
Hail → Buraydah
Al-Qassim / central Saudi
Hail → Buraydah

Experience cue: The route turns south through the central plateau toward the Al-Qassim oasis. A more human, lived-in Saudi Arabia starts replacing the monumental desert imagery.

Central plateauOasis cultureFinal reset
OvernightRadisson Blu Hotel Buraidah
7 JanStage 8 · ~354 km
Buraydah → Riyadh
Capital / closing the loop
Buraydah → Riyadh

Experience cue: The final riding stage returns to Riyadh by a different corridor from the outward journey. BMW return at MYNM, hotel check-in and a farewell dinner close the expedition cleanly.

Different return corridorBMW returnFarewell dinner
OvernightThe Ritz-Carlton Riyadh
8 JanDeparture
Riyadh · Fly home
Farewell / airport
Riyadh · Fly home

Experience cue: Breakfast and coordinated airport transfers. No extra hotel night: the 11th and final overnight is 7 January in Riyadh.

Coordinated departure11 nights totalFinal chapter
OvernightNone · departure day
Hotel guide & destination logic

Hotels are not decoration. They control the quality of the ride.

The revised hotel rhythm mirrors the public itinerary exactly. Premium where it adds real value, operational where the route demands it, and two-night bases precisely where the VIP experience needs time.

11Hotel nights
8Strategic bases
2Two-night VIP bases
2Bike-free immersive days
Transparency matters: Riyadh and KAEC use property photography already held in this pack. For newly selected hotels where final contracted photography is not included here, the visual is clearly treated as destination/stay atmosphere and the exact property is linked in Google Maps. The hotel name — not the illustrative image — is the contractual reference.
The Ritz-Carlton Riyadh
28 Dec arrival · 7 Jan final night · 2 nights

The Ritz-Carlton Riyadh

Riyadh

Arrival control + final close
Property photography

Why this stop matters

The same premium base opens and closes the trip. It gives international riders a controlled arrival, a clear meeting point and a refined final night after the BMWs are returned.

  • Private welcome and first expedition briefing
  • Stable premium base before BMW handover
  • A proper farewell night instead of an airport-style ending

Rider decision notes

  • 28 December is for arrival and recovery, not motorcycle collection.
  • Keep documents, insurance and riding licence ready for the 29 December MYNM handover.
  • On 7 January the hotel becomes the decompression point after the final ride.
Open exact hotel in Google Maps →
RoleArrival + final control
Nights2
Rider valueRecovery + closure
ImageProperty photography
Al Muhaidb Residence Al Dawadmi
29 Dec · Stage 1 · 1 night

Al Muhaidb Residence Al Dawadmi

Dawadmi

The operational expedition base
Destination / stay atmosphere

Why this stop matters

Dawadmi is a route decision, not a vanity stop. After the MYNM handover, this base keeps Stage 1 realistic and positions the group for the long Taif crossing without turning the first riding day into an endurance test.

  • Protects the first riding day after bike setup
  • Keeps the outward route genuinely different from the return
  • Prioritises practical expedition rhythm over resort theatre

Rider decision notes

  • This is the most operational hotel night of the expedition.
  • The value is route integrity, rest and an early start for Taif.
  • The exact room allocation and operational requirements are reconfirmed during final hotel contracting.
Open exact hotel in Google Maps →
RoleOperational base
Nights1
Rider valueFirst-day control
VisualDestination atmosphere
InterContinental Taif
30 Dec · Hejaz crossing · 1 night

InterContinental Taif

Taif · Hejaz

The mountain reset
Destination / stay atmosphere

Why this stop matters

After the longest riding day, Taif changes the physical and emotional temperature of the trip. The stop gives the group a premium reset before the Al Hada descent and Red Sea arrival.

  • Recovery after the longest scheduled stage
  • A visible shift from plateau to mountain Arabia
  • Positions the group correctly for a controlled 31 December arrival in KAEC

Rider decision notes

  • This is the night to prioritise hydration, sleep and an early dinner.
  • The following morning should feel scenic rather than rushed.
  • The Taif stop is one of the clearest examples of why the new route is stronger than the old out-and-back logic.
Open exact hotel in Google Maps →
RoleMountain reset
Nights1
Rider valueRecovery after ~573 km
VisualDestination atmosphere
Bay La Sun Hotel & Marina
31 Dec + 1 Jan · VIP base · 2 nights

Bay La Sun Hotel & Marina

KAEC · Red Sea

VIP Day 1 basecamp
Property photography

Why this stop matters

Two consecutive nights are a deliberate conversion of logistics into experience. Riders arrive on 31 December, settle once, complete the hospitality briefing and wake up ready for the first full A.S.O. day without moving luggage or bikes.

  • Two-night stability around the first immersive day
  • New Year’s Eve without a hotel change
  • 1 January protected for Starting Ceremony + Prologue atmosphere

Rider decision notes

  • 31 December is an arrival and preparation day — no unconfirmed access is promised.
  • The same room for two nights reduces friction at the highest-emotion point of the first half.
  • The marina setting gives the group a natural social base after the VIP programme.
Open exact hotel in Google Maps →
RoleVIP 1 base
Nights2
Rider valueNo transfer on VIP day
ImageProperty photography
Novotel Yanbu
2 Jan · Red Sea recovery · 1 night

Novotel Yanbu

Yanbu · Red Sea

Coastal recovery
Destination / stay atmosphere

Why this stop matters

The route deliberately makes 2 January a shorter riding day. Yanbu is where the group can absorb VIP Day 1, move along the Red Sea and reset before the inland transition to AlUla.

  • Shorter stage after the first immersive day
  • Premium recovery rather than a bare transit stop
  • Clean launch point for the AlUla stage

Rider decision notes

  • A lighter evening is more valuable here than more programming.
  • This is the bridge between the Red Sea energy and the cultural scale of AlUla.
  • The hotel choice supports comfort without pretending the stop must compete with AlUla for emotional impact.
Open exact hotel in Google Maps →
RoleCoastal recovery
Nights1
Rider valueShort-stage reset
VisualDestination atmosphere
Shaden Resort AlUla
3 + 4 Jan · VIP base · 2 nights

Shaden Resort AlUla

AlUla

The emotional + VIP 2 base
Destination / stay atmosphere

Why this stop matters

AlUla now does two jobs at once: it is one of the great destination rewards of the expedition and the protected base for VIP Day 2. Staying two nights means the rider does not have to choose between seeing AlUla and having enough energy for the second immersive experience.

  • Two-night base at the emotional peak of the route
  • 4 January kept completely free of motorcycle transfer
  • The second A.S.O. day can be experienced without sacrificing AlUla itself

Rider decision notes

  • The precise A.S.O. format remains subject to final operational allocation.
  • That uncertainty is stated openly because access quality matters more than making a promise too early.
  • This is the strongest future-memory moment in the pack: Saudi landscape, rare access and time to actually feel both.
Open exact hotel in Google Maps →
RoleVIP 2 + AlUla base
Nights2
Rider valueNo transfer on VIP day
VisualDestination atmosphere
Millennium Hail Hotel
5 Jan · Northern stage · 1 night

Millennium Hail Hotel

Hail

Northern recovery
Destination / stay atmosphere

Why this stop matters

The old Hail rest day has moved to AlUla because that is where the second A.S.O. experience adds more value. Hail remains an important recovery night after a serious northern riding stage.

  • A proper reset after ~426 km from AlUla
  • Keeps the expedition moving without adding a day
  • Positions the group for the central Saudi return

Rider decision notes

  • This night should be operationally simple: dinner, hydration, maintenance check and sleep.
  • The absence of a second Hail night is intentional, not a downgrade.
  • Moving the rest day to AlUla creates more experience value without extending the tour.
Open exact hotel in Google Maps →
RoleNorthern reset
Nights1
Rider valueFatigue control
VisualDestination atmosphere
Radisson Blu Hotel Buraidah
6 Jan · Final inland reset · 1 night

Radisson Blu Hotel Buraidah

Buraydah · Al-Qassim

The final reset before Riyadh
Destination / stay atmosphere

Why this stop matters

Buraydah prevents the last two riding days from collapsing into one long push. It protects the final return to Riyadh and adds the lived-in Al-Qassim layer before the capital closes the story.

  • Controlled stop before the ~354 km final ride
  • Comfortable transition from northern desert to the capital
  • Makes the return corridor distinct from the outward journey

Rider decision notes

  • Use this night to prepare documents and final luggage for the BMW return.
  • The point is not to over-program the penultimate evening.
  • A calm Buraydah stop makes the final day feel like a finale rather than an escape route.
Open exact hotel in Google Maps →
RoleFinal inland reset
Nights1
Rider valueControlled finale
VisualDestination atmosphere
Operational handover

Premium logistics start on 29 December — before the first riding kilometre.

The group arrives in Riyadh on 28 December and recovers first. BMW R 1300 GS handover and setup happen at MYNM on 29 December, followed by Stage 1 to Dawadmi. This sequence protects rider attention, paperwork and bike familiarisation.

BMW Motorrad Riyadh exterior

Where the expedition starts to feel real.

For a serious rider, confidence begins before departure from the dealership: motorcycle readiness, control familiarisation, luggage flow, insurance clarity and the first face-to-face operational briefing.

BMW Motorrad showroom interior

Before the first kilometre, everything must feel right.

Luggage rhythm, insurance clarity, control familiarisation and rider confidence should be established before the engine ever starts. That is how a premium expedition feels controlled rather than improvised.

The machine

BMW R 1300 GS: the platform chosen for the Saudi crossing.

The BMW R 1300 GS is the technical centre of the expedition: 1,300 cc boxer twin, 145 hp, shaft drive, EVO Telelever, 19/17-inch wheels and a 19-litre tank. Compared with the Adventure, it is lighter and more agile — a strong fit for this mix of long road stages, mountains and desert travel.

BMW R 1300 GS with larger fuel tank and expedition luggage

Not extreme enduro. Serious distance.

The route is designed around long Saudi stages, mountain transitions, Red Sea roads, desert scenery and a premium group rhythm.

Key rider-relevant technical data

Engine1,300 cc boxer twin
Power145 hp @ 7,750 rpm
Torque149 Nm @ 6,500 rpm
Transmission6-speed · shaft drive
Front suspensionEVO Telelever
Rear suspensionEVO Paralever
Fuel capacity30 litres · ~400 km range
Wet weight referenceApprox. 237 kg ready to ride

Boxer character

The flat-twin boxer layout gives the GS its distinctive balance, mechanical identity and low-slung feel. For long days, the benefit is not just power; it is calm torque delivery and rider confidence.

ShiftCam generation

The R 1300 GS continues BMW’s variable valve timing philosophy, giving the engine a broader spread of usable performance: tractable at low speed, strong in the midrange and capable on open roads.

Telelever logic

The Telelever front system separates braking and suspension forces differently from a conventional fork. On long touring stages, this contributes to stability, reduced dive and a composed front-end feel.

Electronics that matter

Modern GS riding is built around riding modes, ABS Pro, traction control logic, dynamic brake control and optional electronically managed suspension depending on the final motorcycle configuration.

Why shaft drive

On a high-end travel bike, shaft drive supports the expedition logic: cleaner touring, less chain maintenance, fewer daily distractions and a stronger premium touring feel.

GS heritage

The GS story began with the idea of Gelände/Straße — off-road/road. The R 1300 GS is the latest expression of that line: more compact, more powerful and more electronically integrated than previous generations.

Optional pillion rider experience

Bring your partner into the story.

For some riders, the strongest reason to commit is not only the bike, the route or the Dakar atmosphere. It is the possibility of sharing the expedition with the person who matters most.

Two-up you share your own room. Riding solo, the base price is in a shared twin room — or take a single room for +€3,960, requested at booking and added to the final balance.

The pillion option is not a passive add-on. Your partner joins the expedition rhythm: early starts, long Saudi stages, selected hotels, Red Sea and desert scenery, and the rare opening atmosphere of Dakar 2027.

Solo rider€13,500
Pillion add-on+€4,950
Total€18,450

Confirmation conditions

Limited availability. Final approval depends on rider experience, partner comfort, luggage, insurance, rooming and the final group rhythm.

Operational model

Premium logistics, not just motorcycle rental.

The perceived value comes from a complete operating system: motorcycle, hotel recovery, support, payment security, insurance clarity and direct human accountability.

BMW R 1300 GS

Supplied and handed over in Riyadh with structured briefing and route preparation.

Selected hotels

11 hotel nights selected for recovery, geography, rhythm and the Dakar opening window.

Support vehicle

Luggage flow and operational backup so the expedition feels controlled rather than improvised.

Kush contact

Direct point of contact for rider fit, availability, documents, deposit and onboarding questions.

Insurance pathway

Insurance and security deposit / excess process explained before final commitment.

Secure checkout

Deposit through the custom Stripe payment link and a clear balance-payment structure.

Rider + pillion option

Add your partner from +€4,950 when availability, comfort and logistics are confirmed by Kush.

Team and field credibility

Human authority behind the route.

High-ticket conversion needs faces, responsibility and direct access. This is not an anonymous checkout page.

KSA GS Adventure instructors briefing around the route plan in the desert
Kush Tour Director
Your direct point of contact

Kush

Tour Director · BMW GS Adventure Tours. Contact Kush to confirm availability, discuss your rider profile and clarify the booking process before deposit.

Payment schedule — clear and protected. €1,350 deposit today (10%) · €5,400 in September 2026 (40%) · €6,750 in November 2026 (50%). The deposit is fully refundable until 31 August 2026. Payments are processed by Stripe. Price per rider in a shared twin room — single room supplement: +€3,960 (on request, added to the final balance). Pillion supplement (+€4,950) follows the same schedule.
Reservation path

A clear path from questions to a confident decision.

This is the point where information becomes a decision. Review the route, the two VIP days, the room format and the riding rhythm. If they fit what you want, Kush confirms availability and the remaining uncertainties before you decide whether to reserve.

Premium expedition price
€13,500

Flights are not included. The expedition is limited to 20 riders. When you are comfortable with the fit, a €1,350 deposit secures your place.

Solo rider€13,500
Pillion add-on+€4,950
Rider + pillion total€18,450
The right next step is not “buy now”. It is: confirm that the expedition fits your riding profile, your room choice and your reason for travelling. If the answer is yes, the €1,350 Stripe deposit becomes the simple next step — not a pressured one.
Prefer to confirm first? Message Kush about your riding profile, room choice or pillion plan before paying. The goal is the right fit, not a rushed decision.

1 · Review

Read the Private Rider Pack: route, hotels, bike, Dakar timing, inclusions and fit.

2 · Confirm fit

Confirm your riding profile, room choice, pillion questions and availability directly with Kush.

3 · Secure

If the expedition feels right, use the protected €1,350 Stripe deposit to hold your rider place.

Rider profile

Who this luxury BMW GS Saudi Arabia tour is really for.

This premium BMW GS motorcycle tour in Saudi Arabia is designed for experienced adventure riders who want Dakar atmosphere, curated luxury hotels, a serious route and a rare story worth telling. It is not built for passive tourism, bargain hunting or travellers who want the destination without the riding commitment.

Luxury BMW GS tour Saudi ArabiaPremium motorcycle expeditionDakar opening atmosphereBMW R 1300 GS travelHigh-end guided motorcycle tour
Experienced adventure rider on a BMW GS style motorcycle in the Saudi desert
Best fit

For real adventure riders

Ideal for riders searching for a high-end Saudi Arabia motorcycle adventure with BMW GS spirit, premium logistics, cultural depth and the emotional pull of Dakar season.

1
Built for experienced riders.Best for riders who are comfortable with distance, structured riding days, changing terrain, desert heat and a proper expedition rhythm.
2
Premium BMW GS travel mindset.For people who value the combination of BMW GS capability, support planning, curated hotels, reliable logistics and a route designed with intent.
3
Motivated by story, not only scenery.Perfect for riders who want AlUla, the Red Sea, Riyadh, mountain transitions and the unique atmosphere of Dakar’s opening period in Saudi Arabia.
4
Respectful of group quality and safety.A strong match for riders who appreciate punctuality, guidance, operational discipline, cultural context and a group experience protected from chaos.
In short: this is for serious BMW GS and adventure motorcycle riders looking for a luxury Saudi Arabia motorcycle tour with depth, structure and memorable emotional value.
Relaxed beach tourist representing the opposite of an active adventure rider
Not the right fit

Not for passive tourists

This pack is intentionally selective. The filter protects the group, improves the quality of conversations and helps unsuitable leads self-disqualify early.

1
Not a cheap beach holiday.It is not positioned as a low-cost escape, generic sightseeing week or resort-first holiday with a motorcycle added on top.
2
Not for riders who reject structure.If someone dislikes planning, early starts, managed timing or clear expedition flow, this format will feel demanding rather than rewarding.
3
Not for comfort-only expectations.Distance, rhythm, focus and group discipline are part of the appeal. They are not inconveniences the expedition is trying to eliminate.
4
Not sold as an official Dakar product.The Dakar atmosphere is strategically integrated into the journey, but the pack is presented independently, clearly and transparently.
Bottom line: the right lead is an active, premium-minded rider; the wrong lead is someone looking for effortless tourism without the commitment that gives the expedition its value.
FAQ

Questions serious riders ask.

Keep this section close to hand when discussing the expedition in groups, forums and WhatsApp.

Is this an official Dakar tour?

No. It is an independent BMW GS expedition designed around Saudi Arabia and the opening atmosphere of Dakar 2027.

Do I need off-road racing experience?

No. This is not sold as extreme enduro or rally racing. It is for capable adventure riders comfortable with distance, heat, traffic, group riding and long days.

Why the price point?

The value is the combined system: BMW GS supply, hotels, support, limited group, Dakar-context timing, logistics and personal contact.

What happens after deposit?

Onboarding begins: documents, insurance/excess process, sizing, arrival logistics, route briefing and final balance schedule.

Can I join with my partner as pillion rider?

Yes, in selected cases. Add +€4,950 to the solo rider price. Kush confirms availability and suitability before final approval.